Author: L. Zhang Affiliation: Independent Researcher Received 5 March 2024; Revised 15 April 2024; Accepted 5 May 2024; Available online 29 May 2024; Version of Record 29 May 2024. Abstract Information and Communications Technology (ICT) management has become a central function in modern organizations because it shapes how technology resources are planned, governed, protected, and used to support institutional goals. Effective ICT management is no longer limited to technical