Author: Abdullah Al-Mansour Affiliation: Independent Researcher Received 20 June 2025; Revised 5 August 2025; Accepted 18 August 2025; Available online 2 September 2025; Version of Record 2 September 2025. Abstract Enterprise artificial intelligence (AI) is moving from assistive “copilots” toward autonomous, multi-step agents that plan, act, and learn across business workflows. This article develops a critical, theory-driven account of that transition and situates it within